| 1 |
About NLSI |
| 1.1 |
Mission Statement |
| 1.2 |
Board of Advisors |
| 1.3 |
The Zeus Club (for school kids) |
| 1.4 |
NLSI International Lightning Safety Initiative |
| |
1.4.1 Example
of Recent Lightning Safety Efforts in Bangladesh |
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1.4.2 Colombo Declaration on Lightning Protection & Safety |
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1.4.3 Script for Lightning Safety DVD |
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1.4.4 Fourteen Points to Lightning Safety |
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1.4.5 Lightning Protection at Military Storage Explosives Facilities |
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1.4.6 Employee Safety at Open Pit Mines in Peru, Tanzania, the Dominican Republic and the USA |
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1.4.7 Colorado High-Altitude Lightning Protection: A Case Study at 10th Mountain Hut Association |
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1.4.8 Lightning Safety in the Mining Industry |
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1.4.9 Dynasphere ESE Issues |
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1.4.10 Grounding/Bonding/SPDs Are Essential for LP |
| 1.5 |
CV of NLSI Founder & CEO Richard Kithil Jr. |
| 1.6 |
pending |
| 1.7 |
Photos of NLSI Activities
Got questions about these? Contact us! |
| 1.8 |
Registered Trademarks AMMO 50 & AMMO 48 5/14/18 |
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|
| 2 |
NLSI Business Services |
| 2.1 |
Auditing, Compliance, Consulting, and Inspection Services |
| |
2.1.1 NLSI conducts a broad Range Consulting
of Services |
| |
2.1.2 Need a Quick Site
Evaluation? |
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2.1.3 Want to establish a Lightning
Safety Committee? |
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2.1.4 NLSI Competencies |
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2.1.5 Site Inspection for Lightning Hazard Mitigation |
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2.1.6 Results of Typical Consulting Assignment |
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2.1.7 Certification and Inspection Services for Lightning Protection Systems |
| 2.2 |
Classes, Seminars, and Workshops |
| |
2.2.1 NLSI's Lightning Safety Courses |
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2.2.2 AMMO 48/NFPA-780, Inspection, Maintenance, and Testing of the LPS (3-day seminar) |
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2.2.3AMMO 50/NFPA-780, Senior LPS Inspector Qualifications (3-day course) |
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2.2.4 Lightning Protection for Civilian Engineers (3-day seminar) |
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2.2.5 NLSI Teaching Schedule |
| 2.3 |
Videos, Standards, and Books |
| |
2.3.1 NLSI Videos and DVDs
on Lightning Issues |
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2.3.2 International Codes and
Standards on Lightning Safety |
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2.3.3 NLSI book on Lightning
Protection for Engineers |
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2.3.4 NEW NLSI book on Lightning
Protection for Critical Facilities |
| 2.4 |
Research SiteHigh Altitude Lightning Observation
Site (HALOS) |
| 2.5 |
Previous Activities for ClientsExamples of Previous Activities for NLSI Clients4/10/18 |
|
|
| 3 |
Lightning Incidents |
| 3.1 |
Lightning
Fatalities, Injuries, and Damage Reports in The United States |
| 3.2 |
Lightning Costs and Losses from Attributed Sources |
| 3.3 |
Lightning's Social and Economic Costs |
| 3.4 |
35 Years of Lightning
Deaths and Injuries |
| 3.5 |
Selected Incidents from the "It
Can't Happen to Me" Library |
| 3.6 |
Aviation Losses from Lightning
Strikes |
| 3.7 |
Statistics from StruckByLightning.org |
| 3.8 |
Manifestations Of Lightning Deaths And Injuries |
| 3.9 |
How Much Does Lightning Impact Business? |
| 3.10 |
Lightning-Caused Deaths and Injuries in and near Dwellings and Other Buildings (PDF file) |
| 3.11 |
Industrial Lightning Accidents, France (PDF file) |
| 3.12 |
Industrial Lightning Accidents, Other Countries (PDF file) |
| 3.13 |
Review of Failures, Causes & Consequences in the Bulk Storage Industry (PDF file) |
| 3.14 |
Night flight from the International Space Station above the Earth (link to NASA site)
Fact: 75-100 lightning strikes per second hit our planet. |
| 3.15 |
Photo of lightning death (due to poor shelter) at High Altitude Mining Site |
| 3.16 |
Is a Car Really a Safe Place to Be when Lightning Strikes? |
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| 4 |
Personal Lightning Safety |
| 4.1 |
Decision Tree for Personal
Lightning Safety |
| 4.2 |
Multi-Agency Recommendations
for Lightning Safety |
| 4.3 |
Information for Lightning Strike
Victims |
| 4.4 |
Lightning Safety Tips |
| 4.5 |
Lightning Safety in NLSI's Home
Town (Louisville, CO) |
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4.5.1 Louisville
Ball fields |
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4.5.2 Louisville
Parks |
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4.5.3 Louisville
Pools |
| 4.6 |
Lightning Safety for Organized Outdoor
Athletic Events |
| 4.7 |
Indoor/Outdoor Swimming Pool
Safety |
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4.7.1 Lightning and Aquatics
Safety: A Cautionary Perspective for Indoor Pools |
| |
4.7.2 YMCA Guidelines for Indoor
Pools Closing Due to Lightning (PDF file) |
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4.7.3 More Thoughts on Lightning Safety and Pools |
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4.7.4 Lightning and Indoor Pools: A Reply to Aquatics Resources eSplash Newsletter |
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4.7.5 Lightning Safety for People at Swimming Pools |
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4.7.6 Lightning Safety for People at Swimming Pools |
| 4.8 |
Lightning Safety for Campers and
Hikers |
| 4.9 |
Boating Lightning Safety |
| |
4.9.1 Boating
Lightning Protection |
| 4.10 |
Lightning Safety for Outdoor Workers |
| 4.11 |
Good Lightning Shelters For Outdoor Workers |
| 4.12 |
Lightning: The Underrated Weather
Hazard |
| 4.13 |
NCAA Sports
Medicine Handbook Lightning Safety Guideline (PDF file) |
| 4.14 |
A Lightning Safety Mandate
For The Game Of Golf |
| 4.15 |
US Golf Association Lightning Warning
Information |
| 4.16 |
National
Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Lightning Safety
for Athletics and Recreation (PDF file) |
| 4.17 |
Backcountry Safety
Reminders (PDF file) |
| 4.18 |
temporarily removed |
| 4.19 |
¿Está preparado
para una tormenta eléctrica? |
| 4.20 |
Ramp Safety for Airport Personnel Evacuation, Lightning Threat: Literature Review from NLSI Library, Sept 24, 2018 |
| 4.21 |
Developing
a Lightning Awareness Program Model for the Third World Based
on American-South Asian Experience (PDF file) |
| 4.22 |
Many medical abstracts about lightning deaths and injuries (from www.pubmed.gov) |
| 4.23 |
Lightning Safety in Remote Areas (PDF file) |
| 4.24 |
Lightning Caused Deaths and Injuries in the Vicinity of Vehicles (PDF file) |
| 4.25 |
Safe Shelters Using Steel Shipping Containers (PDF file) |
| 4.26 |
US Army Lightning Protection Safety Guide (PDF file) |
| 4.27 |
Victims of lightning statistics - countries compared by NLSI |
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Of More General Interest: |
| |
1. Fun With Lightning |
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2. Vehicles and Lightning |
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3. When Lightning Strikes People |
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4. Lightning Protection: New Myths & Old Realities |
| |
5. Make Very Tiny Lightning |
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6. Lightning Strike Probabilities |
| |
7. Cone of Protection Myth |
| 4.28 |
Overview of Lightning
Detection Equipment |
| 5 |
Structural Lightning Safety |
| 5.1 |
Background Issues |
| |
5.1.1 The Lightning Attachment Process and Risk Management of the Hazard |
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5.1.2 Atmospheric Charge Redistribution |
| |
5.1.3 Determining the Probability
of Lightning Striking a Facility |
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5.1.4 Lightning Risk
and Hazard Analysis Measurement |
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5.1.5 Zone or Fortress Protection
Concept |
| |
5.1.6 Effects of Lightning on Assets,
Facilities and Structures |
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5.1.7 21st Century Lightning Safety For Environments Containing Sensitive Electronics, Explosives, and Volatile Substances |
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5.1.8 Overview of Global Lightning Protection Codes and Standards |
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5.1.9 The Basis of Conventional
Lightning Protection Technology (PDF file) |
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5.1.10 Lightning Safety
Decision Tree for Facilities |
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5.1.11 Going Beyond the
Codes: An Expanding List of On-the-Job Tips |
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5.1.12 Lightning and Risk Management |
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5.1.13 Do Aerosols Affect Lightning?12/28/17 |
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5.1.14 Lightning Safety: Basque Language Edition (courtesy Jennifer Indurayne) |
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5.1.15 Lightning Discharge and Fundamentals of Lightning Protection - By Vladimir A. Rakov (PDF file) |
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5.1.16 The Need for an International Standard of LightningLocation Systems - By Christian Bouquegneau |
| 5.2 |
Surge Protection Issues |
| |
5.2.1 Ode to the Missing Surge Protector |
| |
5.2.2 Overvoltages: Cause, Effect
& Mitigation |
| |
5.2.3 Guidelines for Providing Surge
Protection at Commercial, Institutional
and Industrial Facilities |
| |
5.2.4 Advanced Control
of Transients |
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5.2.5 NLSI Recommendations
for Surge Protection Devices |
| |
5.2.6 IEEE Guide for Residential Lightning Protection |
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5.2.7 Developing a Consumer-Oriented Guide on Surge Protection |
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5.2.8 Surge Protection in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits: An 8-part Anthology Foreword, Overview, and Hyperlinks - By Francoise Martzloff |
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5.2.9 Data Communications and Lightning Protection |
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5.2.10 Experimental Investigation and Numerical Modeling of Surge Currents in
Lightning Protection System of a Small Residential Structure - By Grzegorz Maslowski et al. (1.4-MB PDF file) |
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5.2.11 Surge Protection 101: A Briefing for the Layman |
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5.2.12 Surge Protection 102 : Specification Guidelines |
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5.2.13 Surge Protection 103 : Applications Discussions |
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5.2.14 Photovoltaic (PV) Lightning Protection (Thanks to Citel)5/10/18 |
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5.2.15 On the selection and installation of surge protection devices in a TT wiring system for equipment and human safety - Chandima Gomes |
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5.2.16 Next Step: DO SOMETHING! |
| 5.3 |
Grounding and Bonding Issues |
| |
5.3.1 Recommended Grounding Guidelines |
| |
5.3.2 Definition of
Terms Used in Grounding |
| |
5.3.3 An Examination of Lightning-Strike-Grounding
Physics (PDF file) |
| |
5.3.4 Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of the Principal Types of Earth Electrodes |
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5.3.5 Case Study: Grounding Issues with Solutions |
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5.3.6 Bonding vs Isolating Approaches in Lightning Protection Practice - By Vladimir A. Rakov (PDF file) |
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5.3.7 Grounding Uncertaincies - A Rational Viewpoint12/28/17 |
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5.3.8 Clarification About 25 Ohms — The View from NFPA 70: National Electrical Code |
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5.3.9 Earth Electrodes for Safety Under Difficult Earth Conditions - Richard Kithil Jr., National Lightning Safety Institute (NLSI)
12/28/17 |
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5.3.10 Concerns of corrosive effects with respect to lightning protection systems - Aidin Ghavamian, Mohammad Reza Maghami, Shayan Dehghan, Chandima Gome |
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5.3.11 “Minimum Bonding Distance Criteria” by Seyedeh Fallah, 34th ICLP Poland.
10/15/18 |
| 5.4 |
Air Terminals |
| Caution: |
Many vendors obscure this topic with pseudo-scientific claims based upon vanity, falsehood, and deliberate fraud. Recognized codes and standards should be consulted. Avoid unconventional air terminal designs. |
| |
5.4.1 Fundamentals of Lightning Protection |
| |
5.4.2 Lightning Rods
- Recent Investigations |
| |
5.4.3 Scientists Oppose
Early Streamer Air Terminals |
| |
5.4.4 Charge Transfer System
is Wishful Thinking, Not Science |
| |
5.4.5 Applicability of Lightning
Elimination Devices to Substations and Power Lines (Word file) |
| |
5.4.6 ESE Air Terminals Ruling
by US Federal District Court (PDF file) |
| |
5.4.7 There Is No Magic To Lightning
Protection:
Charge Transfer Systems
Do Not Prevent Lightning Strikes (PDF file) |
| |
5.4.8 A Critical Review of Nonconventional Approaches to Lightning Protection (PDF file) |
| |
5.4.9 Conventional and Unconventional Lightning Air Terminals: An Update (PDF file) |
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5.4.10 A 2017 Photographic Review of ESE Failures by Hartono |
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5.4.11
Today's "Modern" Lightning Protection:
Mr. Hocus Pocus, Meet Mr. Smoke & Mr. Mirrors
(PDF file) |
| |
5.4.12 Pararrayos no Convencionales (PDF file) |
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5.4.13 Recall Unsafe Lighting Rods (PDF file) |
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5.4.14 Misconceptions About Lightning and its Relation to Air Terminal Design Errors (PDF file) |
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5.4.15 Failure of the Collection Volume Method and Attempts of the ESE
Lightning ROD Industry to Resurrect it - By Abdul M. Mousa (PDF file) |
| |
5.4.16 "Lightning Interception" by Cooray (509-KB PDF file) - Added 1/11/13 |
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5.4.17 "Failure ESE" by Hartono (657-KB PDF file) - Added 1/11/13 |
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5.4.18 "DYNASPHERE ESE AIR TERMINALS : ISSUES DESERVING CONSIDERATION" by Richard Kithil, and Orlando Alzamora, National Lightning Safety Institute (NLSI) - Added 11/6/13 |
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5.4.19"ESE Failure, Resulting Biogas Plant Explosion" Jiri Kutác?, Zbyne?k Martínek, Jan Mikeš, Martin Petrak
- Added 12/1/13 |
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5.4.20 "Pararrayos no Convencionales (Unconventional Air Terminals" César Briozzo, and María Simon
- Added 12/1/13 |
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5.4.21 "The Basis of Conventional Lightning Protection Technology" John M. Tobias, P.E. 1/1/14 |
| |
5.4.22 "Linear Hypothesis vs. Threshold Hypothesis" |
| |
5.4.23 Two Codes: NFPA-780 Compared with IEC 62305 |
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5.4.24 Unconventional Air Terminals (in Spanish), by Reniel E. Suares Perez, Inst. De Geofisi y Astronomia, Habana Cuba |
| 5.5 |
Site-Specific Issues |
| |
5.5.1 Lightning Hazard Reduction at
Wind Farms |
| |
5.5.2 GIS-Based Study of Lightning
Damages |
| |
5.5.3 Overview of Lightning
Detection Equipment |
| |
5.5.4 Should Lightning Rods
be Installed? |
| |
5.5.5 Small Shelters and Safety
from Lightning |
| |
5.5.6
Lightning Protection for Telecommunications Facilities |
| |
5.5.7 Lightning Protection
for High-Value Facilities: A Peruvian Mining Case Study |
| |
5.5.8 Nuts and Bolts of Jolts: Lightning Safety in the Mining Industry |
| |
5.5.9 Case Study of Lightning Damage to Wind Turbine Blade (PDF file) |
| |
5.5.10
21st Century Lightning Protection for High-Altitude Observatories |
| |
5.5.11 A Technical Basis for Guidance of Lightning Protection for Offshore Oil Installations (PDF file) |
| |
5.5.12 USPLN Cloud-to-Ground Stroke Counts (PDF file) |
| |
5.5.13 Uganda Country Report on Lightning (PDF file) |
| |
5.5.14 Lightning Protection Practices in Bangladesh (PDF file) |
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5.5.15 Lightning Protection in India (PDF file) |
| |
5.5.16 Lightning Protection in Kenya (PDF file) |
| |
5.5.17 Lightning Protection in Zambia (PDF file) |
| |
5.5.18 Lightning in the Peninsular Malaysia (PDF file) |
| |
5.5.19 EPA Report on Lightning Hazards to Refineries (PDF file) |
| |
5.5.20 Research On Lightning Sparks Discharge and Protection Measures of Large Floating Roof Tank |
| |
5.5.21 Thunderstorm warning alarms methodology using electric field mills and lightning location networks in mountainous regions |
| |
5.5.22 Storm Detectors - Tests and Application |
| |
5.5.23 Operational analysis of electric field mills as lightning warning systems in Colombia |
| |
5.5.24 The protected space proved to be an undefined term |
| |
5.5.25 Summary of 2011 Direct and Nearby Lightning Strikes to Launch Complex 39B, Kennedy Space Center, Florida |
| |
5.5.26 Lightning Protection Practice for Large-Extended Photovoltaic Installations |
| |
5.5.27 Glow Corona Discharges and Their Effect on Lightning Attachment: revisited |
| |
5.5.28 Overvoltages in Photovoltaic Systems Induced by Lightning Strikes |
| |
5.5.29 Lightning Protection of SOYUZ and VEGA launching pads |
| |
5.5.30 Influence of Thunderstorm-like Wind Velocities on Point Discharge Corona Currents |
| |
5.5.31 Lightning Safety in the Mining Industry |
| |
5.5.32 The Nuts & Bolts of Jolts: A U.S. Air Force Safety Perspective |
| |
5.5.33 ABC's of Lightning Safety for EPCM Operations at High Value Industrial Projects |
| |
5.5.34 NFPA-70 (NEC) Compliance Details for LPS Inspectors |
| |
5.5.35 Lightning and Public Safety Communications
4/12/2018 |
| |
5.5.36 "Technical Characteristics of LPS Downconductors" (Spanish, Dr. Martinez-Lozano) (PDF)
7/26/2018 |
| |
|
| 6 |
Reference Information |
| 6.1 |
General Interest Reference |
| |
6.1.1 Information for the
Media |
| |
6.1.2 Little
Known Lightning Information |
| |
6.1.3 Weather
Factoids |
| |
6.1.4 Mastery, Mystery and
Myths about Lightning |
| |
6.1.5 Lightning
Safety Discussion Group (A Yahoo! forum) |
| |
6.1.6 USA
Today Thunderstorm Info |
| |
6.1.7 The Thunder Mechanism |
| |
6.1.8 The Science of Thunder |
| |
6.1.9 A Celebration
of Benjamin Franklin: The
Year 1706 and Other Events of that Era |
| |
6.1.10 Wisdom from Benjamin Franklin |
| |
6.1.11 Benjamin Franklin on Leadership |
| |
6.1.12 A Brief
History of Lightning Safety in the U.S. |
| |
6.1.13 NLSI's Short Version of Risk Assessment |
| |
6.1.14 Fast Facts About Lightning (PDF file) |
| |
6.1.15 Measured Lightning Activity Worldwide |
| |
6.1.16 A Lightning Safety Quiz (EXE file) |
| 6.2 |
Lightning Maps |
| |
6.2.1 World
Lightning Map |
| |
6.2.2 United
States (thunderstorm days/year) |
| |
6.2.3 United
States (flash density/year) |
| |
6.2.4 Australia |
| |
6.2.5 France |
| |
6.2.6 Japan |
| |
6.2.7 United Kingdom |
| |
6.2.8 Argentina |
| |
6.2.9 Brasil (thanks to Claudio Silva) |
| 6.3 |
Photos and Images |
| |
6.3.1 On-site
Photos from NLSI Consulting Projects |
| |
6.3.2 Lightning
Damage Photos |
| |
6.3.3 A Slide Presentation on Lightning Defenses |
| |
6.3.4 Lightning
Behavoir Illustrated |
| |
6.3.5 Lightning Bolt Photos by Others |
| |
6.3.6 Photos of NLSI Activities |
| 6.4 |
Technical Reference |
| |
6.4.1 Lightning Terms
Glossary |
| |
6.4.2 Fundamentals of Lightning (PDF file) |
| |
6.4.3 Matrix of
Lightning Protection Subsystems |
| |
6.4.4 NASA's
Lightning Primer |
| |
6.4.5 Streamers, Sprites, Leaders, Lightning. |
| |
6.4.6 National Weather Service Manual NWSM 30-4106 (2017), Lightning Protection, Grounding, Bonding, Shielding and Surge Protection Requirements |
| |
6.4.7 IEEE Std 1692-2011 Guide for the Protection of Communications Installations from Lightning Effects |
| |
6.4.8 KSC-STD-E0022 (2013) Bonding, Grounding, Shielding, Electromagnetic Interference, Lightning and Transient Protection, Design Requirements for Ground Systems |
| 6.5 |
NLSI Research Program on the Comparative
Behavior of Air Terminals |
| |
6.5.1 Experimental
Design |
| |
6.5.2 Installation
Details |
| |
6.5.3 Summary
of Results |
| |
6.5.4 Collaborator
Setups |
| |
6.5.5 2005
Details |
| |
6.5.6 2006
Take-Down of Six-Year Experiment |
| |
6.5.7 2012 Experiment at HALOS |
